Denkurian Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

person/gender/ number	nominative	accusative	dative	genitive	instrumental	possessive
1sgN	te	tes	tem	tev	ted	tevi
1sgM	tu	tus	tum	tuv	tud	tuvi
1sgF	ta	tas	tam	tav	tad	tavi
2sgN	che	ches	chem	chev	ched	chevi
2sgM	chu	chus	chum	chuv	chud	chuvi
2sgF	cha	chas	cham	chav	chad	chavi
3sgN.ANIM	ini	nis	nim	niv	nid	nivi
3sgM.ANIM	inu	nus	num	nuv	nud	nuvi
3sgF.ANIM	ina	nas	nam	nav	nad	navi
3sgN.INAN	athi	this*	thim	thiv	thid	thivi
3sgM.INAN	athu	thus*	thum	thuv	thud	thuvi
3sgF.INAN	atha	thas*	tham	thav	thad	thavi
3 Indef. “one/people/they”	atho	athos	athom	athov	athod	athovi
1pl/excl	dai	dais	daim	daiv	daid	daivi
1pl/incl	chedai	chedais	chedaim	chedaiv	chedaid	chedaivi
2pl	fai	fais	faim	faiv	faid	faivi
3plN.ANIM	ilai	lais	laim	laiv	laid	laivi
3plM.ANIM	iloi	lois	loim	loiv	loid	loivi
3plF.ANIM	ile	les	lem	lev	led	levi
3plN.INAM	athai	thais*	thaim	thaiv	thaid	thavi
3plM.INAM	athoi	thois*	thoim	thoiv	thoid	thoivi
3plF.INAM	athe	thes*	them	thev	thed	thevi
3sg.reflexive	me	mes	mem	mev	med	mevi
3pl.reflexive	mi	mis	mim	miv	mid	mivi
reciprocal	–	vis	vim	viv	vid	vivi

For the nominative forms that come in pairs, the first (long) form is usually more emphatic. Personal pronouns of any form may be made more emphatic by being followed by the pronoun pari which agrees with its preceding pronoun in case, gender, and number.  

*When the 3p inanimate pronouns appear in the accusative case along with a  personal pronoun in the dative case, they appear as a clipped form without the initial th- and attached hyphenated to the end of the dative pronoun: chem this > chem-is “it to you”

Possession

The possessive forms can be used as standalone pronouns, determiners that precede the possessed noun, or in conjunction with an article and following the noun.

Neti ban tevi nyaf.* / Neti ban se nyaf tevi.

this-NEUT be-3SG my-NEUT cat.NEUT / this-NEUT be-3SG  the-NEUT cat.NEUT  my-NEUT

“This is my cat.”

*This is the most common use of the possessive determiner

Nite nyaf ban tevi.

this-NEUT cat.NEUT be-3SG my-NEUT 

“This cat is mine.”

Articles

Definite Article: si – “the”

	nominative	accusative	dative	genitive	instrumental
N.SG	si	sis	sim	siv	sid
M.SG	su	sus	sum	suv	sud
F.SG	sa	sas	sam	sav	sad
N.PL	sai	sais	saiv	saiv	said
M.PL	soi	sois	soim	soiv	soid
F.PL	se	ses	sem	sev	sed

Indefinite article: yagi – “a, an, some”

Negative article: vegi – “no”

Partitive article: eski – “some (of the)”

The indefinite, negative, and partitive articles are declined as the definite article. The indefinite, negative, and partitive articles can also function as standalone pronouns.

Demonstratives/Other pronouns

Subordinating conjunction/complementizer: gos (“that”) [historically related to the stem of the inanimate demonstratives *g- + accusative -s]

Comparative conjunction: god (“than”) [historically related to the stem of the inanimate demonstratives *g- + instrumental -d]

“Whose” – pevi (interrogative, from pe); wivi/wuvi/wavi; opevi; opegivi/opeguvi/opegavi (relative, from we, ope, opegi respectively)

The above demonstratives and other pronouns also decline like the articles.

*There are three relative pronouns, wi, ope, opegi. wi and ope are equivalent, and opegi is a bit more formal. Ope and opegi are derived from prefixing o- to interrogative pronouns**Neuter relative pronoun wo/opo/opego for abstract ideas, concepts, or entire phrases/clauses

pege which above should be pegi

*Source ending from genitive -v

**Goal ending is from the dative -m

***Manner and reason endings are related to the instrumental -d and dative -m endings respectively.

Several of the forms above have alternative forms. Usually the longer form is for emphasis.